Government Spending and Price Levels Term Paper

Government Spending and Price Levels - Term Paper Example A part of the consumer’s income is taxed. Let the fixed rate of tax be t. Then the savings can be written as S = (1-t)Y-C+ tY-G. Consumption can be written as C=c(1-t)Y, c is the marginal propensity to consume. Therefore, S=(1-c)(1-t)Y-tY-G. Let us concentrate on the monetary side. The assumption here is that the supply of money (M) is determined by the central bank. The consumer’s decision on their holdings is the sole driving force behind the demand for money. The consumers allocate a part of their wealth as currency and the remaining part in the form of bonds. It is expected that an increase in the interest rate will induce consumers to keep a smaller proportion of their income as currency which, in turn, reduces the demand for money. An expansionary monetary policy will reduce the interest rate and increase output in the short run while an expansionary fiscal policy will do just the opposite (Weins, n.d.). A reduction in marginal propensity to save will increase the rate of interest along with the output. A shock of drop in consumer’s confidence will have its effects on savings, investment, money supply and demand assuming rate of interest and output remains constant. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009, p. 1) The original point A is still equilibrium of the money market. Therefore, the LM curve must include point A. But investment is same as before but savings has increased. So the point A which originally was in the IS curve is now a point where S>I. If there is movement to the right from A, then interest rates and investments are same and savings increases due increase in output. This will make the savings even bigger and so the actual movement should have been to the left of A. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009, p. 1) An increase in money supply will have no effect on savings and investment or demand for money. Therefore, savings and investment will remain the same and so IS curve must include point A. Keynesian model of cross planned expenditure The cross planned expenditure is given by Ep. Ep= C+I+G. Investment Demand Schedule (Cooke, 2010, p. 10) Ip is planned investment. Ep=E(Y,r,G,T)=C(Y-T)+Ip(r)+G Keynesian Cross (Cooke, 2010, p. 12) Government Spending (Cooke, 2010, p. 13) Phillips Curve The relationship between inflation and unemployment is represented through Phillip’s curve. There is a relation between the prices charged by the company and the wages. (Hoover, n.d.) Suppose the government plans for an expansionary fiscal and monetary policy in order to bring the unemployment below the natural rate. This results in increase in demand conditions. The firms are encouraged to raise the prices. The rate of increase in prices is faster than that anticipated by the workers. Workers in this situation are likely to suffer from money illusion. They witness a rise in the wage rate and thereby supplies more labor. This results in fall unemployment rate (Liaudes, 2005, p. 31). Imperfect Information The real economy is significantly affected by monetary policy in the short run. The non-neutral effects of monetary policy rise because of temporary nominal price rigidities. The short term interest rate is taken as the instrument of monetary policy. The Central Bank should adjust the nominal rate so that it cannot offset the movement in expected inflation. The nature of the disturbances has a role to play in this part. The Central Bank may not

What Is Anger And Anger Management Philosophy Essay

What Is Anger And Anger Management Philosophy Essay Anger is an emotional response when looking at an obstruction in reaching our target. We face with such examples every single day once we do not get might know about want and have frustrated and angry simultaneously. Different psychologists, psychiatrists and other health specialists are working on many psychological problems like stress, depression along with conduct problems. They fight to assist us and layman peoples. Layman must understand these everyday conflicting situations and manage those effectively. Anger is humans generally expressed emotion, bringing about negative emotions, fear and insecurity. Prevalent problem in our society is frustrations, threats, disappointments generating anger in our mind. Emotions appear early in our everyday life and contains significant influence on our reactions. We need to learn how to control those emotions, especially growing children must discover how to change and modify their emotion expression as outlined by environment. Anger evolves in your everyday living situation of laymen, and the way they undergone, convey, and develop health problems. A lot of the everyday conflicts like parent-child aggression, legal discard, bad grades in college, school maltreatment, teacher-child violence, unachieved goals, and problems like stress, depression, aggression, road rage sources to a single very frequent problem Anger. Therefore, a layman is baffled with anger from different routes. You will need to know how anger develops in daily life situations and how to treat them. You can handle anger exploit with anger assessment tools. Do you know the main effects that happen over the anger, the length of time does it last, how does it happen, whats happening with all your body when anger occurs, and ways in which should it advance in physiological problems (common problems like stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, disease, obesity, hypertension), psychological problems (problems like stress, depression, eating disorders, body unhappiness, law conflict, alcohol and drug misuse). Scientists show that anger and its common problems, hostility and aggression, collectively the AHA-Syndrome are already linked to a greater risk of cardiovascular diseases. Different types of personalities are missing skills to confront with problem solving, bad memories, concern, depression, what is going to happen etc. Those negative feelings will lower our power to control ourselves. All those negative emotions are internal factors. What we call external factors is improper parental practices, traffic jams, waiting lines, heavy noises, media and advertisements, social rank, social stress etc. We are constantly put to test with your fast growing, technologically modern live style and competitive companies. Positive feelings choosing a lump sum their meanings. Our humanity is threatened by terrorist attacks and then we feel insecure constantly. Although we are more scared of governments than terrorist activities these days. A lot of negative emotions are transforming to a single emotion Anger. Anger is certainly not new to youngsters, where these are faced daily. Children in education carry guns into their school bags. Massacres by those students is reported by press all over the world. Reports stated that girls can be as angry as boys. Therere seen to kick back, push, slap, bite and hit if faced by fear, in particular when confronted with jealousy. That is why managing your anger is essential at each and every stage of life. The best way to Know If You Need Anger Management All of us grows to get angry sometimes. It really is a normal instinct. Even animals show their anger in order to protect themselves and their loved ones. So getting angry is an instinct but a usual reaction to defend oneself or others from harm and intimidation. Nevertheless, an average person should employ a clear mind which enables it to be in control in situations where they are more than likely to obtain angry. Otherwise if the anger gets from bound, this can develop a larger conflict and an infliction of harm and damages to individuals or properties. In contrast, you will find folks who is able to see red at slight provocations. Which has a slight feeling of intimidation or irritation they are able to erupt and come unglued of themselves. Sometimes their causes of getting angry are even unjustifiable. Should you be experiencing this and cant control yourself at getting angry over small things, you may have something with your personality that needs to be corrected and must seek anger management counseling. Anger management counseling may help us recognize that there are a few underlying problems in your minds that need to be corrected and recovery could be hard if individuals who have anger issues will deny it. Then again, its possible to recognize they have a difficulty. If hes forever in challenge with other folks, extends to get snags while using law and even managing their own families is really a problem, theyre some hard evidences that uncontrollable emotions are eating up ones mind helping to make him come unglued of himself. Basically, there are simple indications regarding how to know if you need anger management. If you do not like socializing with other people and may easily get mad and always within the arguable mood, you then have a problem occurring. Specifically, allow me to share the points you may also observe inside a individual who have anger issues. Indicators of Anger Issues  ¿Ã‚ ½ It is possible to scold or yell in your family over slight things and for married individuals they are usually at war using partners.  ¿Ã‚ ½ You may get easily irritated by people who dont agree with you.  ¿Ã‚ ½ Youre often disagreeable web-sites even they are justifying their actions.  ¿Ã‚ ½ That you do not like socializing for some other individuals even with your officemates and may see minor errors included and are likely to blow it out of proportion.  ¿Ã‚ ½ People that know that you do not like speaking with you even to get a minute and may resist you as they can possibly can.  ¿Ã‚ ½ Youre forever in trouble either to individuals, using the law or even with ourselves because you know that youre this kind of pain as part of your society. If you see some of these events happening to you so you know you can not help yourself finding your strong emotions, better see an anger management counselor so that you can be evaluated of the behavioral problem. Its also possible to check online anger management programs and complete some anger management quiz to find out quickly should you be really suffering from this type of behavioral disorder. This behavior is treatable and will be resolved if you will be undergoing sessions from anger management programs. Within the program, you will be able to get connected to other people who have similar issues and grow from them. You could do simulation test with him or her current guidance of anger management counselors, it is possible to regain your self-control and can get on the best track again. Anger Management Control Working together with people can be a huge challenge. We have seen times over my thirty year social work career once i have asked myself why I selected this profession. Weve worked in a number of different regions of social work. My formal training and training credits have concentrated on children with mental disease. Most times I find that when children have mental medical concerns the adults within their lives do also. They are usually opened to addressing their issues; however adults usually get defensive and angry when it suggested that they likewise require help. Dealing with resistive clients is the nature coming from all of my work. Many clients which i use happen to be ordered by having a court to cooperate with services. Having someone ordered to work with me, especially when theyve anger or control issues sets the relationship nearly be a rocky one. Often times the courts will also order website visitors to attend anger management courses. As this is perhaps the most common requirement of the courts there are lots of mental health centers that include anger management. Ive got worked with several mental health care professionals to insure we now have specialized groups for that participants. It is vital that those with anger issues are certainly not lumped into one group setting. I think it is effective for those who have domestic abuse issues to be in anger management classes with other domestic abusers. So often these groups may become volatile. When an abuser sees someone else get angry and out of control they might obtain a better sympathize with how their behavior affects others. Anger is oftentimes used like a control mechanism by abusers. Once they experience someone else wanting to control an organization setting or a therapist they often feel the same emotions that their victims have felt. Anger management with teenagers is another issue altogether. More often than not their anger comes from feelings of not heard or being misunderstood. Extremely common for just a teen to feel angry as they are caught between the numerous years of childhood and adulthood. They are not tall enough to perform most of the issues that they wish to do and yet are too old being cuddled. Most teens concentrate their anger towards their parents; there are some that express anger towards all authority. Teenage anger management may even work on healthy strategies to expressing anger. Its important that teenagers learn that everyone gets angry every so often and this it really is alright to let people know that you will be angry as long as you do this in ways where the body else feels safe around you. Healthy expression of anger will be the goal of all anger management courses. Teaching techniques of how you can express yourself and the way to diffuse anger are critical factors to get a health gr oup process. How you can Succeed How can one succeed at anger management? It is advisable to know that angry feelings are routine among anyone. The best way an individual handles an angry situation determines whether success in anger management has occurred. Though it can be challenging, there are various strategies of handling anger which could benefit those who learn them. Your initial reaction a person has when his ire is raised is usually to attack with words or, worse, inside a physical way. People should endeavor to squash these volatile reactions as well as leaving the location in which the event is occurring. An example of thats where a workforce angers another worker by criticizing his work. The mad employee should leave the room and allow his emotions to fade before being round the critical employee again. You will find cases through which anyone struggles to leave a host through which angry feelings have been produced. If this occurs, the individual should remove himself mentally through the toxic surroundings. He can make this happen by counting to 50 or reciting a well known phrase or sayings as part of his head. Provided rest from negative feelings and so the person are designed for the specific situation without volatility. An excellent way to managing being angry is to circumvent the emotion altogether. A way to do this is usually to identify the situations that provoke anger within an individual. If someone monitors the sorts of situations which provoke an angry response, hell try and avoid most of these circumstances so he stays calm. Anger management classes teach skills that will help people solve disagreements. One big benefit of learning they is that it causes individuals to target positive resolutions as opposed to exactly the angry emotions swirling around them. An individual may become a member of a category through a mental health agency or community center. There are specific individuals who have a tremendous challenge with angry impulses. These folks should undergo professional counseling to be able to fight this major problem. Usually the enter in therapy is to distinguish the roots of why somebody responds to rage. Find this type of formal counseling from individual psychologists, mental health centers and social service agencies. Violent feelings may lead to verbal abuse or even fisticuffs. Its imperative that runners that have problems handling mad feelings get help. These people can put on tips which supports them regain control and their composure plus they can also get professional counseling that enables them to achieve anger management. Periodic Anger Management Generally speaking, what are the results is the fact that people will get frustrated about an issue that occur in their life. Their initial reaction is to ignore it or try to repress it. Eventually this emotion will become very secure and theyll have to deal with it in some way. Instead of managing it at its core, through being assertive, those will take part in many different coping strategies. By way of example, the person may do workout or bury themselves inside their work. And every time they get frustrated, they may return to this coping strategy. What they can get is because they will need to go back to this coping strategy a growing number of frequently as their anger could possibly get a lot more frequent along with the intensity can get a growing number of extreme. Eventually, their anger can become so strong therefore frequent until this coping strategy will no longer have the capacity to assist them to out, and they will eventually attack. I would like to say that the number of these behaviors you will do to handle your anger management can be very positive behaviors. For example, going on a run, is definitely an positive behavior. My point being is making use of it like a clutch to manage your anger management can be a negative coping strategy, as you dont manage your anger at its core. Think of your health to get a second, and think about the method that you handle your anger? What are your techniques for working with your anger? Is he band-aid solutions or dark beer long-term methods of addressing your anger? Im sure you will discover the coping strategies which you have for ones anger dont really lower or reduce your anger in the long run. Address your anger at its core. **************** What are The Causes of Anger Anger can be a strong emotion of displeasure due to some kind of grievance that may be either real or rated to be real by a person. The cognitive behavior theory attributes anger to factors for instance past experiences, behavior learned from others, genetic predispositions, along with a not enough problem-solving ability. To place it more simply, anger is the result of a combined two factors: an irrational perception of reality (It has to be exercised my way) along with a low frustration point (Its my way or no chance). Anger is usually an internal reaction thats perceived to possess a external cause. Angry people generally blame their reactions on someone or some event, but rarely can they recognize that the key reason why they may be angry is because of their irrational perception around the globe. Angry people have some perception and expectation around the globe which they are in and once that reality wont meet their expectation than it, then they become angry. You have to recognize that not all anger is unhealthy. Anger is one of our most primitive bodys defense mechanisms that protects and motivates us from being dominated or manipulated by others. It provides for us an added strength, courage, and motivation was required to combat injustice done against us or even others that people love. However, if anger is left uncontrolled and liberal to control you your brain and the entire body anytime, then anger becomes destructive. Why We Need to Control Anger As a one that is under the charge of a street drugsomeone ingesting anger cannot rationalize, comprehend, or make good decisions because anger distorts logical reasoning into blind emotion. You feel unable to focus and your emotions dictate your actions. Physiologically speaking, anger enacts your struggle or flight response in this brain, which increases our hypertension and releases adrenaline into our bloodstream, thereby increasing our strength and pain threshold. Anger causes us to be think of only a pair of things: (1) Defend, or (2) Attack. Neither of those options facilitates a good negotiation. Internal Causes of Anger Our internal sources of anger originated from our irrational perceptions of reality. Psychologists have identified four varieties of convinced that help with anger. 1. Emotional reasoning. Individuals who reason emotionally misinterpret normal events and things that other folks say to be directly threatening for their needs and goals. Individuals who use emotional reasoning tend to become irritated at something innocent that other folks tell them given that they perceive it as panic or anxiety attack on themselves. Emotional reasoning can cause dysfunctional anger eventually. 2. Low frustration tolerance. Most of us sometime have seen a period of time where our tolerance for frustration was low. Often stress-related anxiety lowers our tolerance for frustration and now we begin to perceive normal things as threats to the well-being or threats to the ego. 3. Unreasonable expectations. When folks make demands, they see things as that they needs to be but not when they really are. This lowers their frustration tolerance because those that have unreasonable expectations expect others to act a particular way, and uncontrollable events to behave in the predictable manner. When this stuff tend not to go their way, then anger, frustration, and at last depression from. 4. People-rating. People-rating can be an anger-causing sort of thinking the place that the person applies a derogatory label on other people. By rating someone as being a bitch or possibly a bastard, it dehumanizes them and makes it easier to allow them to become angry at the person. External Causes of Anger A large countless bodily and mental events that could make us angry, but given the parameters of a negotiating situation, we could narrow these factors as a result of four general events. 1. The person makes personal attacks against us. One other side attacks you combined with the problem in the way of verbal abuse. 2. Anybody attacks our ideas. Additional side chops down our ideas, opinions, and options. 3. Anyone threatens our needs. Anyone threatens to look at away a rudimentary demand for ours as long as they avoid getting their way i.e. Ill be sure you may never be employed in this city again. 4. We obtain frustrated. Our tolerance level when getting things done may be low or impacted by numerous environmental factors in this lives. Factors That Lower Our Frustration Tolerance 1. Stress / Anxiety. When our stress-level increases, our tolerance for frustration decreases. This is why there are plenty of domestic disputes and divorces over financial problems. 2. Pain. Physical and emotional pain lowers our frustration tolerance. The reason being we have been so dedicated to attending to our survival needs, that people dont have time for love or money or anyone else. 3. Drugs / Alcohol. Drugs and alcohol affect how our brain processes information and can create a person more irritable or bring forward repressed emotions or memories that will trigger anger. 4. Recent irritations. Recent irritations will also be called which has a bad day. Is it doesnt little irritations that accumulate throughout manufactured that lower our tolerance for frustration. Recent irritations could be: stepping in the puddle, spilling coffee in your shirt, being late for work, being stuck in a very traffic jam, having a flat. Recognizing the Physiological Signs of Anger By recognizing the physiological signs of anger, we could attune ourselves to understand when it is the perfect time to take measures to ensure that our amount of anger doesnt get uncontrolled. Here are a few signs of anger: 1. Unconscious tensing of muscles, specifically in the face and neck. 2. Teeth grinding 3. Breathing rate increases dramatically 4. Face turns red and veins become visible as a result of a rise in blood pressure level 5. Face turns pale 6. Sweating 7. Feeling cold or hot 8. Shaking in the possession of 9. Goosebumps 10. Heartbeat increases 11. Adrenaline is released into your digestive system developing a rush of power. Am I Straight away to be Angry? Damn right youre. You have your personal perception and expectation around the world that you just are in and when the certainty that you simply are now living in ceases to meet your expectations, then you develop the to be angry. Afterall, if everyone thought alike, then your world has to be pretty dull location to live. Youre going to come upon situations you dont enjoy. You are likely to encounter individuals who dont respect your views and ideas. The impression of anger is completely justified in accordance with your beliefs and so dont repress or deny those feelings. Being forced to right to feel angry doesnt mean you have the legal right to snipe in anger by attacking your partner. You simply cant get a new views of others to adapt to your own personal because, like you, they have his or her to uphold their view on the planet. The good thing you should do is recognize your anger while keeping focused it on the problem as opposed to your counterpart. Tips Being angry or frustrated can be like being ingesting a drug. It prevents from rationalizing and thinking logically. Anger is caused by mix of an irrational perception of reality and a low frustration point. Anger is usually a natural response and youve every directly to be angry, but you must discover how to keep that anger in balance within a negotiation because as soon as you react in any negotiation, then you definitely lose the agreement. Anger Causes Medical problems Nowadays nobody is surprised anymore if you notice inside the news that somebody continues to be beating up simply because they were using a fight or a spat. It happens when the younger generation go out or perhaps domestic violence is usual inside news. Would you remember when Chris Brown hit his girlfriend Rihanna because he was just angry at her? It seems like more and more people are angry nowadays, or could it be just because the media puts anger the center of attention? Anger is usually a really powerful emotion. Uncontrolled anger can bring about arguments, psychical abuse, psychical fights, assaults and self-harm but it really also can leads to health conditions. Anger triggers your body to get a fight or flight response. Other emotions what trigger this response are anxiety, fear and excitement. Once your body responds that way, stress hormones like, adrenaline and cortisol floods from the body. Serotonin levels redirects bloods away from the gut on the muscles, prepare them for a movements. It prepares the body to fight or flight. My way through your system increases, hypertension, the body temperature, the skin perspires and the system is sharp and focused. The continual flood of such stress hormones along with unmanaged anger can eventually harm different systems of the body. The medical problems it may causes are: * Headache * Digestion problems, like abdominal pain * Insomnia * Increased anxiety * Depression * Blood pressure * Skin problems, including eczema * Cardiac arrest * Stroke To way of getting in charge of your anger is usually to address it and being assertive. You can do this in another way, for instance by setting clear boundaries on your own in order to bear in mind when folks push your buttons. You will need to be assertive which means that your anger will not build-up with time. Because they are assertive you will not have the anger explosions. People may think that doesnt showing your anger is a great one method to cope with it because it is not to certainly get angry. Dont repress your anger because you just dont take care of your anger. The truth is, you continue to havent addressed it and the anger is still within you. Unless you a single thing regarding it, it might often fork over depression or anxiety. Make an effort to express your anger in a very healthy way, perform relaxation exercise. Of course , if angers occur, recognize it trying to accept it a component of life. Never let your anger become the perfect health condition. *********** Humor as the Best Remedy for Combating Anger You dont need to let anger to own control over you. On this chapter, become familiar with:-  ¿Ã‚ ½ Basic life skills in order to avoid temper flares  ¿Ã‚ ½ Being angry nevertheless keeping cool  ¿Ã‚ ½ Trying to cool off when vexed  ¿Ã‚ ½ Understanding diverse means of expressing anger within a bid to get rid of it  ¿Ã‚ ½ Detailed practical steps for you to consider Basic Life Skills in order to avoid Temper Flares This therapeutic technique works best for many people and it is one of many easiest to put into practice. When one requires you to definitely fulfill an investment which can be too demanding for to bear with then it could be recommendable to present an ironic account this kind of confrontation rather than getting mad. For instance, you can make a rejoinder by asking whether or not the individual needs such absurd demands being  ¿Ã‚ ½served at a dish. ¿Ã‚ ½ Another self help technique that could aid you in conquering anger outburst by learning how you can sufficiently relax, in conjunction with accepting your situation as its while taking care to never let temperatures flare. Some conditions for likely to lead to bursts of physical outrage are if your neighbor accidentally leaves trash just beside your doorstep. Rather than attacking anyone with hands clenched it would be more reasonable to ask him/her about what ended in such actions. Become familiar with the key reason why behind certain acts instead of just having fits. When utilizing humor, you will need to seek to guy beyond negative circumstances. Try to validate what did happen as it is at reality preventing one from creating a relative much greater mistake. For example, but if your parking spot was selected by another individual it might be worthwhile to generalize this is best of all considering that the car happens to be stolen were it not to the person picking up your spot. Doing things by yourself would also help lots in trying to cool off situations that could have otherwise turned out to be very severe. For example, if the neighbor is indifferent naturally the other can opt to maintain the surroundings clean on the person ¿Ã‚ ½s behalf that has a humorous mindset, rather then complaining and not changing the matter. When an issue continues to be solved you then should be thinking about yourself as being a great hero whos capable to solve hitches which were initiated web-sites lacking quarrelling and only making matters worse than they will be. Doing something different every now and then would aid in helping you are able to feel superior and prevent stressful situations that behave as a seething pot for commencement of anger. Give relevant explanations in relation to whatever did get lucky and you. Substantiate individual ¿Ã‚ ½s behaviors or simply blackguard of whichever thing that ¿Ã‚ ½s wrong and possess having a positive mindset that nothing could eliminate your superior disposition or courage. It is just an excellent-tuned positive mind frame that will effortlessly eradicate your emotional tempest and nervousness for whichever situation. If it is appropriately practiced then one would continually be in a very joyous mood and stay capable of live a handy life making wise course of action without requiring anger bouts. Being Angry nevertheless Keeping Cool It becomes a large lie an excellent say he/she doesn ¿Ã‚ ½t get mad throughout day to day life. So long as there we were relating online websites chances are they will likely be in our nerves unintentionally. Bear in mind additionally you do exactly the same without knowing. A very important thing to complete such circumstances is remaining cool and calm and seeking as much as possible to manage anger tantrums. Simply put, youll want to learn how to control anger as opposed to allowing it to do the other.  ¿Ã‚ ½ Have a quick deep breath slowly. Immediately someone says or acts in a manner that is supposedly offensive to you the great thing to complete is getting sporadically. Youll must loose time waiting for at least just a few seconds prior to taking any step. You require for being still and sufficiently think through the situation before commencing with any plan of action. This may devote some time practice but will surely pay over time.  ¿Ã‚ ½ Clarify the matter, then try if you can , to clarify circumstances matching to an alternative individual ¿Ã‚ ½s perspective, but not your own. This would help the offended person employ a broader perspective about the issue than was at his mind.  ¿Ã‚ ½ It is advisable to check out a provoking situation from three rather than two corners of an coin. Maybe the one who wronged you didn ¿Ã‚ ½t want to implement it initially and its you who had misunderstood this individual ¿Ã‚ ½s actions. Shun the habit of smoking of repeatedly thinking just yourself like certain cases you may be the one which ¿Ã‚ ½s wrong. Many offences are pretty straight forward misunderstandings that one can get well through when time is obtained to understand the matter in-depth.  ¿Ã‚ ½ Keep a composed voice and considerable tone that wont make it clear to others that youll be angry. When an example may be angry by and large itll show using the individual ¿Ã‚ ½s tonal inclination. Afterwards yells would follow as well as the person would start saying thing that they didn ¿Ã‚ ½t mean to start with. It isnt right that you attack whatever words which come on the mouth then imagine that later he/shed apologize to the offended person and anticipate to be forgiven instantaneously.  ¿Ã‚ ½ If worse pertains to worse just emerge since it is the simplest and the majority efficient way avoiding a conflict. Marketing and advertising to vent anger by yourself in lieu of including someone else and making matters blow stream of proportion. When you find yourself far from the offender you can start working on yell the loudest, scream or perhaps talk alone to be able to vent out excess steam. As soon as you feel calm again is when its simple to consider the courage to face the offender Anger is an emotion and since everyone knows many times emotions generally make us not make rational decisions at pressing circumstances. Always try not to actively  ¿Ã‚ ½look ¿Ã‚ ½ for definite logic behind why you should be angry at the supposed offender as you will most surely obtain them as is also already in your mind. Don ¿Ã‚ ½t blow away stresses buy creating up tension with innocent those who are under no circumstances linked to the problems you might have while using the offender. This you can get struggling together likewise even when it was not your plan. Find improved ways in which you can sufficiently get rid of stress without getting yourself into the nerves of others. Understand that angry words have the capacity of ruining up relationships therefore you therefore need to be extra careful in regards to the wording w

Robert Frosts Love and a Question :: Love and a Question

Robert Frost's Love and a Question Robert Frost's poetry has a confortable and familiar nature at first glance, but this author is known for dealing with human tragedies and fears often in a symbolic manner. He uses poetry to express his reaction to the complexities of life and his acceptance of his burdens. Although his work is rooted in New England region, he is a far reaching poet who's work spans metaphysical and psychological topics. One can often notice these under the surface of minute details that are characteristic of most of his work. In Love and a Question, a stranger inquires about shelter for the night in the bridal house. The bridegroom is the one that has to make the decision whether or not he should be allowed inside. One reason why he would not want him inside is because this is somewhat of a honeymoon stay. The bride's face was "rose-red with the glowing coal and the thought of the heart's desire." At the beginning of the fourth stanza, he must make the decision whether to let this man in or continue the night of pleasure with his wife. Normally, the bridegroom is apathetic towards the rich and the poor, but as he "looked at the weary road," he placed himself in the shoes of that stranger. He tries to imagine how dificult it must be for this man to live without a home, especially tonight, when winter was in the wind. He stares back at himself, and how fortunate he is to have wedded such a woman. He "wished her heart in a case of gold and pinned with a silver pin." This means tha t he respects and loves her very deeply. He realizes that you don't know what you have until you lose it. He feels sudden sympathy with this deprived stranger, and wants to help him in some manner. Another interpretation is as follows. The groom's enigma could be that he is not certain whether he did the right thing by marrying. The stranger would then be symbolic of his feelings towards his wife, and the weary road ahead, without a window light, in the winter wind, could represent their life as he viewed it.

Hrm 531 Training and Mentoring Program

Training & Mentoring Program Student HRM 531 April 4, 2011 Instructor Training and Mentoring The merger between InterClean and EnviroTech is fast approaching. Our two companies will soon be crossed trained in various functions and positions within the newly formed organization. We have individuals from both organizations who have strong sales and leadership skills. In addition, InterClean executives need to balance growth and sustained success both locally and worldwide. In order to do that, it is necessary to establish a training program for the newly formed sales team. Cascio (2005) explains that identifying content, design, types of learners and what it will do for InterClean are some of the targets to reach for. The real measure however, Cascio explains, lies in the results obtained, in this case how well we perform as a sales team (page 317). As we move forward in this memo, we will explain the importance of evaluating the value of the training program. Since this is a step-by-step process we will break the subjects into the following areas, assessment, training, capabilities, implementation and evaluation. Assessment of the Training Needs The goal of training assessment needs is to identify areas where the new sales team will need additional support. For instance, since this new sales team is a meld of experienced sales representatives from both organizations, each sales representative has his/her unique style and ability. The next few paragraphs will identify and talk about the training needs identified. Training – Orientation First, InterClean believes that an employee orientation is in order. Introducing our new sales associates to InterClean procedures and methods of operations and expectations will answer many pending questions. Although some of the newly formed team are from InterClean, it is important to have everyone in the sales team be included in the orientation training. Cascio (2005) believes that there are three major areas in which to focus when providing an orientation: Company Standards, Social Climate, and Technical Aspects (page 317). Specifically, job performance skills identified within the team include familiarization with InterClean standards and expectations. These standards and expectations, including company goals, are not the same as when InterClean began and it is imperative that all sales team members attend this training. This will allow employees understand company policies, goals and expectations. The topic of social climate allows for the team to understand the group dynamics and hopefully begin blending of customs, attitudes and behaviors. Training in technical aspects will give all sales team members an advantage as they will be fully prepared to answer questions about both products and services as well as demonstrate use. All team members are expected to complete the Orientation training since the dynamics of the company are changing. Training – Customer Service Customer Service training has been identified as one of the most crucial training areas within the InterClean sales team. There are several members of the new team who have excellent customer service skills. They will however, need to consider how to maintain consistent communication with the customer so that one sales associate will provide the same service as the next. Having a positive relationship with the customer will provide a solid foundation which will help the sales team focus on â€Å"helping the customer† vs. â€Å"selling to the customer. † This concept will help InterClean realize the 40% growth expected through the merger of the two companies. Cascio (2005) suggests that improving customer satisfaction, identifying customer needs, satisfaction and building better customer responsiveness is a paramount to improving the bottom line (page 292). All employees are expected to complete the Customer Service Training. Training – Team Building The new sales team will be learning to face challenges together and work as a cohesive, organized team. To reach this goal, it is imperative that the sales team, including management, undergo team building training. Providing training for everyone in the sales team, team members can learn behaviors that will help each other. For instance, asking for help is sometimes hard, yet working within a team it is imperative that we have that ability. We lean on each other for ideas, creativity, technical skills and input. It is so important to consider the ideas of others; brainstorming often fosters free thinking, ideas, and asking questions. (Cascio 2005 pg. 288) Training – Leadership & Record Keeping Training in leadership will be offered to the Vice President of Sales, Sales Manager and the Trainer/Outside Sales Representative. The training sessions for the three individuals will focus on team building and leadership. The VP of Sales and the Manager need additional training in record keeping. Organizational Capabilities InterClean has the resources to complete the above described training. The Vice President of HR has developed a strategy plan which will align the two companies with the most qualified individuals. This plan includes a detailed job analysis, skills assessment and a selection of the top members of the sales force. In addition, HR has developed a training program based on the training needs of InterClean. Statement of the Training Objectives Orientation Objectives †¢ Increase awareness of company goals, expectations and vision †¢ Employees will develop a sense of purpose and focus Provide employees with latest rules and regulations related to products and services †¢ Provide a record of training in company standards, expectations, method of operation and regulations related to products and services Customer Training Objectives †¢ Increase customer satisfaction through improved business relationships with the customer †¢ Increase repeat business through higher level of customer satisfaction †¢ Increase consistency between sale s associates so all customers receive identical core services †¢ Increase sales by 10% first year and 40% by end of second year Record Keeping Objectives Introduce methods related to maintaining accounts †¢ Increase record keeping accuracy Team Building Objectives †¢ Allow team to get to know each other †¢ Emphasize individual leadership and initiative †¢ Increase interdependence and thereby cooperation †¢ Give team members tools to help problem solve Method of Implementation The training program will be announced within the next seven days. The course will be outlined over a two-day period with follow up sessions available for product information and sales. Three sessions (Orientation, Customer Training and Team Building) will include the entire sales force, while Record Keeping training will include VP of Sales, Sales Manager and the Trainer (for a portion thereof). Methods of Instruction †¢ Seminar †¢ PowerPoint †¢ Group exercises †¢ Role Playing †¢ Guest speakers (product development, laws & regulations, EnviroTech) Instructors †¢ Janet Durham – leadership and previous sales skills †¢ Tom Jennings – Planning for global dominance †¢ Sally Lindley – Partnerships Training Location †¢ EnviroTech facility Duration of Training 2 full days, with 1 week breakout sessions tailored to mentor students Record Keeping (related to training) †¢ Sign in Sheets †¢ Copy of each presentation †¢ Duration of training †¢ Document of videos, speakers, etc †¢ Video tape training sessions where appropriate Evaluation of the Program’s Success Assess Potential Suc cess We will be able to assess the potential success of the training program through several avenues. One being a series of feedback from the attendees. In addition, pre-test to measure knowledge, skills and ability prior to training and post-tests to evaluate increase knowledge, skills and ability after training. As trainees venture into role-playing and practicing with the techniques, they will begin to discover potential pitfalls and relative improvements. Demonstration of techniques learned is crucial to success. Another measurable activity will be an increase in the number of sales. The overall success of the training program will be evident in the increase in profits. Reinforcements †¢ Rewards for reaching sales goals, both individual and group †¢ Promotion to senior levels, stability on the senior level is determined by consistently meeting goals. Conclusion As the training program evolves, so do the employees. With the strong leadership and sales skill present within the team, success is immanent. However, the success of the sales team is only as good as the training and support system provided by InterClean. In this memo we have outlined the training program we believe will assist the new team to take on the challenge of both product and service and provide the customer with everything they need. Reference Cascio, W. F. (2005). Managing Human Resources (7th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Great Gatsby Criticism Essay

In Marilyn Roberts’ criticism of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby she compares the main character Jay Gatsby to another main character of another novel and movie, Tony Guarino of Scarface. Marilyn Roberts states in her criticism that the writers of Scarface used Jay Gatsby as a model to represent the rise of their own protagonist, Tony Guarino. Scarface is much like The Great Gatsby, a classic rag to riches stories by means of not so legal practices. Affluence, power, and lives of luxuriant ease are what these two men portray. With money and power these men also need high-status women in their lives. For Jay Gatsby the woman he chases after is Daisy Buchannan, the wife of Tom Buchannan. In the world of Tony Guarino the woman in his life is named Poppy. Influence from The Great Gatsby is shown here and throughout the two stories, the name Poppy is a flower like Daisy’s name also is a flower. Poppy and Daisy are also much alike asides from both their names originating from a flower. Both Poppy and Daisy are shallow, self-absorbed, and deceitful. Another comparison brought up is that both women are in their own relationships not with Tony or Jay. Jay Gatsby and Tony Guarino are determined to take these women out of their relationships so that they can be together with them. Tony uses his wealth to try and win over Poppy buying her clothes and even a home, Jay also uses his immense wealth to try and win Daisy over which is not successful. To show their characters immense wealth the writers of both Scarface and The Great Gatsby used shirts as symbols. These shirts are used as symbols to represent the American Dream, limitless freedom, wealth, and ambition. The men also use the shirts to try and win over their love interests. In The Great Gatsby, Jay pulls out his shirts collection to show Daisy, â€Å"They’re such beautiful shirts,† she sobbed, her voice muffled in the thick folds. â€Å"It makes me sad because I’ve never seen such–such beautiful shirts before. â€Å"(Fitzgerald). Jay does this to show off his wealth, throwing expensive and high quality shirts onto the floor. The writers of Scarface made their own rendition of the scene. While touring Tony’s house Poppy seems unimpressed but when Tony takes her to his bedroom he pulls out his shirt collection and throws them on the floor, Poppy eases up when shown the shirts. Both men are also considered as gangsters in Roberts’ criticism. Jay runs an illegal alcohol bootlegging ring and Tony runs a drug cartel. Along with Gatsby’s death Tony is also killed for pursuing the woman he thinks he loves and not by a fellow gangster. Tony’s death like Gatsby’s is rooted in jealousy. Jay Gatsby is killed by a jealous husband (Wilson) thfdafa at thought Jay killed his wife (Myrtle).

Abortion Essays (1350 words) - Reproductive Rights, Abortion

Abortion Essays (1350 words) - Reproductive Rights, Abortion Abortion In our society, there are many ethical dilemmas that we are faced with that are virtually impossible to solve. One of the most difficult and controversial issues that we are faced with is abortion. There are many strong arguments both for and against the right to have an abortion which are so complicated that it becomes impossible to resolve. The complexity of this issue lies in the different aspects of the argument. The essence of a person, rights, and who is entitled to these rights, are a few of the many aspects which are very difficult to define. There are also issues of what circumstances would justify abortion. Because the issue of abortion is virtually impossible to solve, all one can hope to do is understand the different aspects of the argument so that if he or she is faced with that issue in their own lives, they would be able to make educated and thoughtful decisions in dealing with it. The definition of a person is an aspect of the abortion issue which raises some very difficult questions. Is an unborn baby a person? When does the unborn baby become a person? This is a difficult question because in order for one to answer it, he must define the essence of a person. When describing the essence of something, one needs to describe the necessary and sufficient conditions of that thing. So how does one define the essence of a person? Kant describes a person as a rational being. Some people define the essence of a person from more of a biological standpoint. Nevertheless, defining the essence of a person is a very difficult thing for a group of people to agree on. Ones own definition of a person would most likely greatly impact his opinion on whether abortion is morally justified or not. This becomes even more complicated when one takes into account potentiality. This raises the question of whether the fetus is an actual person or a potential person. Many would argue that a fetus is a potential person because it is has the potential to become what it is not yet. However, does a potential person have potential rights? An example was used: does a potential doctor have the rights of a licensed doctor? When one is describing potentiality, All he is really describing is what that thing is not. By declaring that a fetus is a potential person, one is also stating that a fetus is not a person. As one can see, this issue of the essence of a person and whether a fetus is a person is a very complicated one. This becomes seven more complicated if one takes into account the issue of rights. Now, the concept of human rights, that is to say, what American society dictates as human rights, conflicts heavily with itself. On one hand, we form a deep and heavy opinion on ones right to life. On the other, we hold an equally strong opinion on ones freedom to live that life as they please. American society by and large has a firm belief in an individuals right to live. Therefore, if one comes to the conclusion that a fetus actually is a person, then that fetus should receive the protection to its right to live, as much as you or I. This society also holds the firm belief in ones right to the sovereignty of his or her own body, equal to that of ones right to live. In this case, it is imperative that we understand what liberties we can and cannot take upon ourselves concerning our lives. Case in point, suicide. Society dictates what we are allowed to do, and how we are allowed to live, by law. Most of American laws are written to preserve ones rights to individuality, and ones right to take the liberty to live their lives as they see fit. However, laws are also written to undermine those whos actions compromise the liberties and freedoms of other individuals, thus protecting the concepts and ideals of agency and liberty. Based on our societys laws, essentially, we believe that what you do to yourself is your choice, and is accepted by law, so long as it doesnt stop or impede the lives and freedoms of others. The difficulty in this dilemma lies within the question of whether an abortion falls into a category of protection of a womans rights over the sovereignty of her own body, or whether it

color purple essays

color purple essays At the tender age of fifteen, Celie, the main character in Alice Walkers The Color Purple is raped by whom she knows as her Pa. Pa forces himself upon Celie and she gets big or pregnant, not once, but twice. When Pa takes the children away, the first a boy and the second a girl, Celie believes that he kills them. The reader gathers from her letters to God, that she is not very educated, and she seems a little on the dumb side. She does not like, or fully understand the idea of her children being taken away from her, but knows that there is nothing she can do about it. This realization is a crucial point in the development of Celies character. She seems to understand that her life will always be rough, and adapts to it by learning to ignore things she doesnt like. She slips into her own world, a happy place, where no harm can enter and she is safe. This adaptation will help her to get through life, since it turns out to be a constant struggle. Celies mother died not too long after sh e had her children. Her mother cursed at her, in her final words, after she was told what her husband had done to Celie. She had thought that Celie was sleeping around, but when she found that the children were her husbands, it killed her. She was not happy about that and instantly blamed Celie. After her mother died, the rape continued and began for Nettie, Celies younger sister. Celie didnt want it to happen to Nettie, for she loved her too much. Celie told Nettie to run far away, and never come back. Fonso (their stepfather) then sold Celie to Mr. _____. He had no need for her anymore, for he thought she was ugly and dumb, while he wanted to keep Nettie, whom he believed to be pretty all to himself. He wouldnt let Mr._____ have Nettie. Mr.______ needed someone to take care of his children and his home, and Celie was dumb, ugly, and helpful around the house. (in his eyes) The conflict between Fo ...

How the First Impressionist Exhibition Came to Be

How the First Impressionist Exhibition Came to Be The first Impressionist exhibition took place from April 15 to May 15, 1874. Led by the French artists Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, and Berthe Morisot, they called themselves the Anonymous Society of Painters, Sculptors, Engravers, etc. Thirty artists displayed 165 works at the photographer Nadars former studio at 35 Boulevard des Capucines. The building was modern and the paintings were modern: pictures of contemporary life painted in a technique that looked unfinished to the art critics and the general public. And, the works were on sale! Right there. (Although they had to remain on view for the duration of the show.) Louis Leroy, a critic for Le Charivari, entitled his nasty, satirical review Exhibition of Impressionists which was inspired by Claude Monets painting Impression: Sunrise, 1873. Leroy meant to discredit their work. Instead, he invented their identity. However, the group did not call themselves Impressionists until their third show in 1877. They were also called the Independents and the Intransigents, which implied political activism. Pissarro was the only avowed anarchist. Participants in the First Impressionist Exhibition Zacharie AstrucAntoine-Ferdinand AttenduÉdouard Bà ©liardEugà ¨ne BoudinFà ©lix BraquemondÉdouard BrandonPierre-Isidore BureauAdolphe-Fà ©lix CalsPaul Cà ©zanneGustave ColinLouis DebrasEdgar DegasJean-Baptiste Armand GuillauminLouis LaToucheLudovic-Napolà ©on LepicStanislas LepineJean-Baptiste-Là ©opold LevertAlfred MeyerAuguste De MolinsClaude MonetMademoiselle Berthe MorisotMulot-DurivageJoseph DeNittisAuguste-Louis-Marie OttinLà ©on-Auguste OttinCamille PissarroPierre-Auguste RenoirStanislas-Henri RouartLà ©opold RobertAlfred Sisley

Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Final Exam - Essay Example However, as exhibited by the Abu Daoud incident, this type of cooperation does not always work. Bilateral agreements like extradition treaties do not always ensure international cooperation especially when nations involved are more intent about protecting their interests with other nations. 2. Weapon of the Weak. This is the underdog view about terrorism. The deprived and exploited underdogs view terrorism as a last resort, as a means for them to fight back against their oppressors and against those in power. As a weapon of the weak, the underdogs believe that they are fighting for justice, and they are not concerned about the possible disorder that their actions might bring. For the underdogs, terrorism is their way of fighting for their freedom from oppression and deprivation. They view violence as a necessary evil, as a means to justify their moral ends. Because of these moral ends, they opine that violence and terrorism should not be contained. 3. Export Administration Act. The Export Administration Act is the law passed by the United States which authorized the Secretary of State to designate and identify those countries which have supported and sponsored international terrorism. This act codified export controls and prohibitions on military sales. It also prevented foreign assistance for countries on the list. This act was able to identify and designate the following states, among others, as terrorist supporters: North Korea, Sudan, Cuba, and the Taliban group. Through the act, the following activities can classify states as terrorism sponsors: making lethal materials; giving logistical assistance to terrorists; providing headquarter facilities, safe houses, planning, training, money, documentation, and sanctuary from extradition or prosecution. 4. Mixed motivations. Mixed motivations arise when leaders in the state have different and conflicting motives. For example, during the Kenyan War,

A job opportunity as an engineer in Thailand Essay

A job opportunity as an engineer in Thailand - Essay Example The quickest developing age group in the 1990s was 19 to 25 year-olds. In the 2000s, that age group dropped as an aftereffect of a falling conception rate in the 2000s and expanding essential and auxiliary school enlistment (Yong et al. 2011, p. 751). By 2014, the quickest developing gathering in the work energy in engineering in Thailand is matured, somewhere around twenty five and forty, with expanding interest by females. The extent of ladies utilized went from 66 percent in 2005 to around 70 percent by the end of 2013. Nowadays, female occupation in Thailand is most noteworthy in trade with 54 percent in 2010s, took after by 50 percent in engineering, 43 percent in businesses, and 36 percent in administrations since females are now well educated in Thailand. As far as territorial appropriation, the North has the least rate of work energy development in engineering, with 3growth between 2005 and 2014, emulated by the Northeast, with 3.3 percent as a consequence of restricted job opportunities in engineering, furthermore movement of the individuals from the region. Bangkok has the most elevated work power development in engineering with 6.9 percent due. Provincial development job opportunities depend halfway on the level of edu cation. An expanding number of new contestants in the work power of engineering have gotten an advanced education however not all that numerous. In 2013, the rate of the aggregate work constrains that had a basic education was 90.2. For individuals with lower and upper auxiliary or rather secondary education, but they can give work compel in engineering, has expanded from 4.8 percent to 10.4 percent from 2010 to 2015. The rate of the work energy with professional education has moved from 1.9 percent to 10.4 percent between the year 2011 and 2015. Since Thailand is among the developing countries, implying that its rate of improving infrastructure is so high,

Organizational behavior paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Organizational behavior paper - Essay Example People often work because they have to and for money. To be a better manager, it is significant to understand what motivates employees to maximize output. Douglas Mc Gregor uses Theory X and Y to explain the human behavior in the workplace (The Wall Street Journal editors, 2015). In Theory X assumptions, human being has an inherent dislike for work and will evade if he can. Because of work dislike, most people must be coerced, directed, controlled and threatened to ensure they achieve organizational objectives. Besides, employees prefer to be directed, wish to avoid responsibility, have little ambition, and want security. However, in Theory Y assumptions, the expenses of mental and physical effort in work is as natural as rest and play. External influence or threat of punishment is not the only way of achieving effort toward organizational objectives. People have self-control and direction in meeting the objectives. Employees seek and accept responsibilities. Therefore, the aim of management should not be to direct and control employees seeking to shun work, but instead make conditions that enable people want to offer maximum effort. Rewarding employees for an achievement is an effective way to reinforce and share commitment rather than punishing them for failure. Giving responsibility enables employees to rise to challenge hence employee motivation influences organizational behavior thus

Quality Management System - Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quality Management System - Question - Essay Example tivity: A Brief Survey†). b) From the above calculations, it can be inferred that the Labor Productivity of Firm A is much less compared to its competitor Firm B and hence Firm A needs to improve its productivity per unit labor employed. Thus, Firm A should focus more into Human Resource Optimization in order to improve their labor productivity. The Plant & Equipment productivity of both the firms is same implying that both have utilized their assets by the same extent. The material productivity is also almost same. In terms of royalty, Firm A seems to be in a better position compared to its competitor Firm B as it has better sales value. The energy productivity of Firm A is much higher than Firm B implying that it has utilized its energy component optimally. The total productivity of both the firms is also almost the same, while Firm A utilizes it energy component better, Firm B optimizes its labor utilization. Thus, it can be inferred from the total productivity that the pros pect of Firm A seems to be slightly superior then Firm B. Problem 2 Histogram for Hours of Overtime It can be inferred from the above histogram that 12 employees which is 40% of the entire number of employees fall in the range of (93 – 185) overtime hours. The range (0-92) overtime hours and (186-278) overtime hours have 7 employees each which is equivalent to 23.3% of the total no. of employees. There are two employees each who fall in the overtime hours range of (279-371) and (372-464). The mean value of the overtime hours is 167.26 hours and it can be noted from the histogram that more than 50% of the total employees have overtime hours less than the mean. To conclude, it can be seen that the hours of overtime appear to be normally distributed amongst the 30 employees. Histogram for Days Absent The above histogram shows that almost half of the total employees (i.e. 14 which is 46.6% of the total) has number of days absent ranging from (0 – 1.2) days. Subsequently th e next highest figure of workers’ absence days falls in the range from (2.6 – 3.8) days. There are 6 employees whose days of absence fall in the range of (1.3 - 2.5) days while there are only 3 employees (10% out of total employees) whose absence days fall in the range between (5.2 - 6.4) days. From the distribution of histogram it can be revealed, more than half of total workers (63% of the total employees) have absence days which are less than the mean value of 1.93 days. To conclude, the distribution of histogram appears to be shifted to the left which means most workers have absence days less than the mean value. Problem 3 The data overtime hours and

The Significance and Impact of the Olympic Games Essay

The Significance and Impact of the Olympic Games - Essay Example which were core elements of Greek military training (Wilson, 2000). The games were considered of such importance that thousands of people would turn up to see the games even when there is war like situation in the region. During such sporting events, all concerned were bound by the Olympic spirit and allowed competitors to travel safely to the venue of the games. This spirit has continued over the years. The ancient games continued till about 393 BC when they were banned, but the sporting spirit once again made sure that another edition of the games began in late 19th Century AD. The history of modern Olympic movement can be traced back to 1896 when the first Olympic Games of the modern era were held in Athens. The recently held Beijing Olympic games is still fresh in the memory of all of us for the spectacular show put forth by the Chinese organisers and the intense competition that took place within the sporting arena. The Olympic Charter states1, "Olympism is a philosophy of life, exalting and combining in a balanced whole the qualities of body, will and mind. Blending sport with culture and education, Olympism seeks to create a way of life based on the joy found in effort, the educational value of good example and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles." This in essence sums up the spirit behind the Olympic movement. The Olympic Charter, established by Pierre ... rimination of any kind and in the Olympic spirit, which requires mutual understanding with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play." The Olympic charter helps in governing the organisation and running of the Olympic movement and sets the requisite terms and conditions for hosting the games. The games are therefore organised with such a spirit that irrespective of the nationality of winners and losers, the games leave such an imprint on all the competitors that they forget all their competitive rivalry and make room for the sportsmanship. London won the hosting rights for the 2012 Olympic Games after a comprehensive and prolonged procedure followed by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in line with the Olympic Charter (Chapter 5, Rule 34 and its bye-law - page 70). This procedure basically comprises of two phases; Phase 1: Applicant Cities - under this phase the applicant cities are asked to respond to a detailed questionnaire, which are then evaluated by the IOC to finalise the candidate cities eligible to compete in the second phase. Phase 2: Candidate Cities - under this phase the candidate cities are asked to come out with a candidature file detailing their plans, following the instructions given by the IOC. Each file is then analysed by the IOC Evaluation Commission and a final report is prepared with a list of cities ready for being voted as the chosen one. The summer Olympic Programs are supposed to contain a minimum of fifteen events decided by the IOC. Except in cases of unforeseen circumstances3, 'the Program of sports and disciplines is finalized seven years before each Olympic Games, and the Program of events is finalized four years before the Games'. London has also undergone through a lengthy procedure and finally on 6th July 2005, the

The Competition & Consumer Act of 2010 Replaces Trade Practices Act of Essay

The Competition & Consumer Act of 2010 Replaces Trade Practices Act of 1974 - Implications and Significance - Essay Example The Trade Practices Act of 1974 has always been an integral component of Constitution of Australia as a guarantor of purchaser. Background & Evolution: The need for the formation of a business law was felt during the British rule in Australia in the first half of the 19th century however, at that time all the companies were governed by â€Å"English Company Act of 1862†. In the first half of the 20th century Federal Parliament of Australia formed "foreign corporations, and trading or financial corporation’s formed within the limits of the Commonwealth" and the Small Business activities were left within the domain of the state and the particular territories in a geographical location. In the year 1961-62 for the first time in the history of Australian Business Law State Legislation and Commonwealth Legislation formed â€Å"A Uniform Companies Act†. The year 1965 Trade Practices Act crafted a â€Å"Commissioner of Trade Practices and a Trade Practices Tribunalâ₠¬  to scan trade accords and performances. However, this act was ephemeral and finally the High Court in Australia had to annul the aforesaid act due to â€Å"Constitutional Difficulties† and replaced the same with Restrictive Practices Act in 1971. The Trade Practices Act of 1974 was endorsed to deal with issues relating to Consumer protection was exclusively in charge of looking after the interests of the consumers at all levels however, the Legislation regarding fair trading and other issues external to Trading Corporation remained within the realm of respective states and territories. Thus, The Trade Practices Act 1974 became the decisive Legal entity governing the trade policies to ensure the welfare of the consumers. Finally the Trade Practices Act 1974 was replaced by â€Å"Competition and Consumer Act of 2010.†(History of Business Law, 2010) The Trade Practices Act 1974 Hence the primary task of the Trade Practices Act was to ensure healthy competition without compromising the interests of the consumers. Fair Trading was the benchmark to analyze the role of big companies concerning the protection of consumers. From patrons, merchants, contractor and traders they all fall within the ambit of the Act. In short it included every facets of market place. Regulation of trade through Price monitoring is one of the key ingredients for accomplishing the consumer protection. Other means for safeguarding the interests of the consumers could be ensuring product security, labeling of products and finally restricting â€Å"unjust marketplace practices†. The Competition & Consumer Act of 2010 January 2010 marked the New Year with a new set of laws and legislations that was passed for safeguarding and protecting the rights of the Consumers as well as business groups. If one has to carefully analyze and understand the special benefit of this new law that has replaced the former Trade Practices Act, one can draw two main benefits which are evident. Special Significance of the Act: First it accommodates and accepts the nationwide agreed sets of protections on a consumer known as Australian Consumer Law (ACL). According to this new Act there would be a single uniform Consumer Law all over the country. Hence it would relieve the burden on the business enterprise to abide by the various inter–states rulings. The consumer on the other hand would feel less discriminated against as there would be a uniform law safeguarding and

The Significance and Impact of the Olympic Games Essay

The Significance and Impact of the Olympic Games - Essay Example which were core elements of Greek military training (Wilson, 2000). The games were considered of such importance that thousands of people would turn up to see the games even when there is war like situation in the region. During such sporting events, all concerned were bound by the Olympic spirit and allowed competitors to travel safely to the venue of the games. This spirit has continued over the years. The ancient games continued till about 393 BC when they were banned, but the sporting spirit once again made sure that another edition of the games began in late 19th Century AD. The history of modern Olympic movement can be traced back to 1896 when the first Olympic Games of the modern era were held in Athens. The recently held Beijing Olympic games is still fresh in the memory of all of us for the spectacular show put forth by the Chinese organisers and the intense competition that took place within the sporting arena. The Olympic Charter states1, "Olympism is a philosophy of life, exalting and combining in a balanced whole the qualities of body, will and mind. Blending sport with culture and education, Olympism seeks to create a way of life based on the joy found in effort, the educational value of good example and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles." This in essence sums up the spirit behind the Olympic movement. The Olympic Charter, established by Pierre ... rimination of any kind and in the Olympic spirit, which requires mutual understanding with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play." The Olympic charter helps in governing the organisation and running of the Olympic movement and sets the requisite terms and conditions for hosting the games. The games are therefore organised with such a spirit that irrespective of the nationality of winners and losers, the games leave such an imprint on all the competitors that they forget all their competitive rivalry and make room for the sportsmanship. London won the hosting rights for the 2012 Olympic Games after a comprehensive and prolonged procedure followed by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in line with the Olympic Charter (Chapter 5, Rule 34 and its bye-law - page 70). This procedure basically comprises of two phases; Phase 1: Applicant Cities - under this phase the applicant cities are asked to respond to a detailed questionnaire, which are then evaluated by the IOC to finalise the candidate cities eligible to compete in the second phase. Phase 2: Candidate Cities - under this phase the candidate cities are asked to come out with a candidature file detailing their plans, following the instructions given by the IOC. Each file is then analysed by the IOC Evaluation Commission and a final report is prepared with a list of cities ready for being voted as the chosen one. The summer Olympic Programs are supposed to contain a minimum of fifteen events decided by the IOC. Except in cases of unforeseen circumstances3, 'the Program of sports and disciplines is finalized seven years before each Olympic Games, and the Program of events is finalized four years before the Games'. London has also undergone through a lengthy procedure and finally on 6th July 2005, the

Public personnel management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public personnel management - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that payment in lieu of taxes or otherwise referred to as PILOTs are most commonly paid by large landholding non-profit organizations, especially universities and hospitals and are usually paid on a voluntary basis. It is only logical to argue that because these non-profit organizations receive basic services from cities in which they are situated at, and are funded by real estate taxes, every property owner should pay something in return. These payments are usually made to the local governments by the non-profit organizations because the receive local services like roads, fire protection, and the likes, but are ultimately exempted from paying property taxes because they primarily provide charitable work. In cases of cities that are struggling with budgets, non-profit organizations that are financially healthy and that own a substantial amount of tax-exempt property can be a useful avenue for raising revenue for the city. These cities often want the non-profit organization to chip in some cash in bailing them out of the financial quagmires and to make up for the forgone taxes. So should the non-profits pay PILOTs? The researcher would like to say that they should pay taxes because all owners of any property in the community, whether for-profit or otherwise receive services from the local governments or the cities such as roads, sewers, police services and the rest and these services have been funded by taxes from real estate.

Shampoo Market Analysis

Shampoo Market Analysis The shampoo market is one of the fastest moving and innovative sectors of the FMCG market. It represents 35 of the EU hair-care market and is lead by three main competitors, Procter and Gamble, Unliver and LOrà ©al who own corresponding market shares 44.9%, 17.7% and 11.4%. The attached report discusses the following points: Main market competitors Growth, decline, trends and developments in the shampoo market Strengths and weaknesses of the main competitors Segmentation of the market and differences between competitors segments Customer profiling and behaviour Shampoo purchasing process It is recommended that in order to achieve a substantial share of the market competitors must cater for as many of the different needs of customers as possible. Wella caters for a wider spectrum than the other competitors: various mens needs, various womens needs and even the elderly. It supports this theory as it has the highest market share as a company. They must also take into consideration the disposable income and current family situation of the customer. They must price products adequately in order to enable the correct targets to purchase their specific product whilst still making profit as a business. Introduction This report was commissioned to analyse the size, structure and segmentation of the UK shampoo market. Shampoo is a Fast Moving Consumer Good (FMCG) that is the cheapest and fastest moving good within the FMCG industry. Within this we focused on the three main competitors; Proctor and Gamble with a 44.9% market share, Unilever with 17.7% and LOrà ©al with 11.4%.We analysed each competitors strengths, weaknesses, methods and processes to target each segment of its market. Main competitors Globally shampoo is the leading segment of the hair care industry holding a 40% share of the market. The leading competitor of this sector is Proctor and Gamble (P G). Similarly, the same trend follows within the EU as it is again the most profitable segment of this market with a 35% share of the hair care market. The same competitor, P G, also leads the EU industry with 24% of the market value. Growth And Decline Since the recent recession, the hair care industry has not emerged unscathed. According to Mintel the recession led to a quarter of shampoo users spending less on shampoo, thus contributing to the  £15 million slide in market value between 2008 and 2009. However, revenue statistics from 2012 show that there was a 3% expansion in hair care products between late 2010 and early 2012, this is supported by the predictions of analysts that shampoo revenue will reach  £19 billion by 2015. Innovation and an ability to adapt helped the hair care market to survive the economic crisis demonstrated by the 165% increases in new product launches between 2006 and 2008. Trends And Developments There has been a number of developments to Shampoo over the years since it first became a product in 1762. In 1890, this then developed into a detergent product, and then the product became further enhanced when in 1903, Shampoo became a powdered product for the first time. The first shampoo product to appear as it does nowadays came about in the 1960s. Most recently, consumers who are looking for a quick beauty fix have helped the dry shampoo market double in size in the past two years. Sales have rocketed by 140 per cent year on year, and research by Mintel found 23% of women and 13% of men own a bottle of dry shampoo. According to Mintel it is especially popular amongst younger women, with nearly 4 in 10 of those aged 16 to 24, compared to 1 in 10 of the over-55s. They also predict that dry shampoo sales will reach up to  £17million this year. A trend that we noticed whilst researching was penetration pricing which is when a business initially sets a low price when entering a new market. When the product becomes established, the company gradually increases its price. We found that around 80-85% of companies launching a new shampoo in the market use penetration pricing as their entry mode strategy. An additional significant trend that we can see in the shampoo market sector is the constant demand for innovation; a brand must maintain its competitive advantage by continuously promoting its brand and undertaking research development. This helps to avoid losing market share and customers to its competitors. Out of all the products that are launched in the UK, a 1/4 of those are new shampoos. One example is the launch of Tescos new affordably priced, high quality range called HBM which targets those most affected by the crisis, offering them professional, salon quality formulations on a budget. Strengths and Weaknesses In order to compare the companies, we analysed their strengths and then their weaknesses. Firstly we studied the strengths of the global leaders Proctor and Gamble being that they operate on a large scale and have a strong brand portfolio which includes the well-known Wella brand. A further strength is that not only do they offer shampoos; but they also offer a wide variety of other household goods: Pampers, Ariel and Duracell. We then studied Unilevers strengths. The group contains many successful brands including shampoos such as VO5 and Tresemme and other FMCGs (Pot Noodle, Comfort, Vaseline and Lynx); if one brand were to suffer fluctuations in sales, it would be supported by the success of another. Within Unilever, each brand is successfully advertised and promoted. A further strength is that there is constant research and development suggesting that Unilever is competing to offer the best they can. Lorà ©al doesnt have the support of being a brand within a group however; it is more concentrated in one market (the cosmetics market) therefore bases its strengths in its portfolio. It is a global competitor and supports its UK market with sales in other countries (130) and employs very successful promotion and marketing techniques through celebrity endorsements. The primary weakness evident with all three main competitors is the stiff competition that they are subject to within the cosmetics market resulting in constant research and innovation. When studying the weaknesses of these organisations we found that Unilever and PG share similar weaknesses as they are groups which are not concentrated on one market. This can mean they have less expertise and experience possibly being a hindrance. (subivision) LOrà ©al has a competitive advantage to these two due to its one market focus. LOrà ©als decentralised organisational structure can be considered an internal weakness as it causes difficulties in managing their world-wide spectrum, a weakness also shared by Unilever and PG. High promotional expenses, primarily from celebrity endorsements, mean that higher investment is taking a substantial risk when launching a new product range. Segmentation This market sector can be segmented in many ways. Firstly it is segmented via demographics; the gender, age, race, religion and income of a person, within which it can be segmented further into life stages. For example an employed bachelor with a house and only himself to provide for, therefore having a higher disposable income, is able to spend money on luxury products including shampoos. However on the contrary in a Full Nest 1 situation, the disposable income is allocated to the needs of others e.g children. A further method of segmentation is through psychographics. This segment considers: the activities, interests, opinions, attitudes and values of customers. In relation to shampoo industry, the attitudes and values of customers are considered greatly importance. The psychographic segment has recently become more importance to companies as customers wanting organic and animal friendly products has become an increasing segment with sales increasing by 24% between 2011-2012. LOreals purchase of the Body Shop in 2006 also opened its doors to a wider customer market. By adopting some of The Body Shops policies such as no animal testing, the refusal to use chemical and products made with natural ingredients, Loreal has recently launched a new line of product befitting to the profile of customer whos psychographics influence their purchase choice. Thirdly there is behavioural segmentation via occasions. However we found that this is not a role taken by the company but a decision taken by the customer. It can be suggested that women in particular tend to use a specific shampoo for a specific occasion. We found that only one shampoo, Tresemme, catered for this type of segmentation, selling their range of salon quality shampoo. Competitor Differentiation Within the shampoo market, the competitors segments differ somewhat. LOrà ©al have always been known to have more of a focus on women, as do most shampoo brands including Wella, which we can see through their recent adverts. However, in recent years as men have started to place more of a focus on self-grooming, LOrà ©al has developed both shampoos and beauty products for them as have Wella. Wellas range is segmented into more specific needs of men than LOrà ©al, whose range is less extensive. Vo5 however, have equal gender segmentation within the brand but not with their shampoo range. Customer Profiling Wella segments its range into two main sections; men and women. Within its range for women it profiles its customers by further segmenting into different needs. Its main focuses are: sun damaged hair, condition improving, older age depleting hair and protection for coloured hair. Its focus is similar to those of other brands however it demonstrates some product differentiation in being the only one of the three main competitors which provides a shampoo to care for sun damaged hair. The bottles retail at  £4 each showing that although the needs of the customer may differ, the price remains constant. Wella has a rather extensive range of 10 shampoos to suit the needs of men all of which also have their corresponding conditioners. Their range includes: Hydrate, Repair, Volumise and again SP Sun like with the womens brand. They are more expensive shampoos than other brands on the market for men as they retail at around  £9 per 250 ml bottle. The 3 most famous brands in the Unilever group are Vo5, Tresemme and Sunsilk. Vo5 are the most recognised brand used by many people and focus on two main segments; gender and styling. As previously mentioned the gender segment is divided equally within the brand, however, they only offer shampoo for women but styling products for both. It can also be noted from publicity that the brand target a young audience of teens and young adults. LOrà ©al has 4 main segments for its shampoos which are directed at: women (selling through a company called LOrà ©al Paris), men (selling through a company called LOrà ©al men expert), the elderly and children (selling through companies called LOrà ©al kids and LOrà ©al Elvive Age Defying).It also has a small expert range of supposedly higher quality products at higher prices aimed at a higher class. Within these demographics its products are split into the different needs of its consumers. Expert Loreal also produce a higher quality, higher priced and ultimately higher class shampoo called hair expertise consisting of: Everpure includes a range of 9 products of which 3 are shampoos: colour cair and moisture, colour care and volume and colour care and smoothing Eversleek includes a range of 6 products of which 2 are shampoos: smoothing and moisture and smoothing and intensely nourish Everstrong includes a range of 3 products including only one shampoo : reinforcing and vitality These are separated into the various needs of the consumers; colour care, nourishment, volume, smoothing and moisture similarly to other loreal shampoos but these are aimed at a more affluent customer retailing between  £6 and  £8 a bottle 16Loreal women- Emma Loriel Elvive for women is broken down into 5 different needs within the demographic They are: coloured hair consisting of a range of 6 products of which 2 are shampoos; Colour protect and Nourish and Shimmer which both retail at  £4 a bottle Hard to manage hair consisting of a range of 7 products of which 2 are shampoos; smooth silk light and smooth silk intense which also both retail at  £4 a bottle Dry and damaged hair consiting of a range of 15 products of which 4 are shampoos; damage care ,triple resist, full restore 5 and re-nutrition which again all retail at  £4 a bottle Long or dull hair consisting of a range of 10 products of which 2 are shampoos; nutri gloss, nutri gloss light and nutri gloss crystal which like all the ranges we have seen so far for women retail at  £4 a bottle And normal hair consisting of a range of 9 products of which 3 are shampoos; multi vitamins and the nutri gloss range is also directed at this group. Again these shampoos all retail at  £4 for a 400ml bottle. So as we can see although the target market for each type of shampoo changes for the specific needs of the consumer, the price doesnt and remains consistent throughout. also: conditioners, sprays, serums, 2 in 1s, hair masks 17LOreal men- Jade Within the demographic for men Loreal Elvive Men Expert is broken down into only three different segments: Anti dandruff intensive 2 in 1 shampoo and conditioner, Anti dandruff normal to greasy hair shampoo and regenium xy body building shampoo. These all retail at the same price as womens shampoos  £4 for a 400ml bottle. There are other products in these ranges for mens haircare mainly being styling products, but it is noticeable that the spectrum of products is much wider for women than it is for men. 18Loreal young and old- Yaz Loreal have a product range targeted specifically at children called Loreal Kids, each bottle retails at around  £2.20 Rather than having many products targeted at the various needs of its consumer, in this case as the consumers are children and their hair is less varied in type, they focus more on different aromas of shampoo to meet the different tastes of the children. The one need which children have with shampoo and which is catered for is that their shampoos do not sting their eyes, hence their no more tears slogan. Also to meet the needs of the customer- the parents helping with their childrens hair care routine it is also designed for no more tangles hence the second part of their slogan no tangles They do however have a specific shampoo designed to remove the smell of chlorine and salt from hair after swimming. Other products in the range include sprays and conditioners There is a very limited range available specifically designed for the elderly called age defying which is for those with depleted or thinning hair as they grow older. It retails at the same price as all other loreal shampoos but one will find it when looking, on the womens section of their UK website. This could largely be due to the assumption that men will lose their hair when they age rather than have a depleted amount or quality and therefore dont present much demand for such a product. Customer Behaviour Customer behaviour specifies the amount of involvement in a purchase decision and how frequent certain products are bought. Looking at two types of customers we can distinguish that shampoo can fall into both the variety seeking and the brand loyalty/repeat purchase categories. In the purchasing of a shampoo we have come to the conclusion that there is often low involvement in the decision making process. Sometimes people prefer to variety seek meaning that they will search for and try different shampoos, until they find the one that suits their hair the best. In this category price can be seen as an influential factor. On the other hand there are habitual buyers who may take longer in the purchase decision and prefer to repeat their purchases. This could suggest that they have found the shampoo that suits their hair and prefer to remain loyal with that one brand. Price may be a less significant factor in this process as people are willing to spend extra for a better service/product OR better quality. Purchasing Process The purchasing process that a consumer goes through first begins with the recognition of a problem, such as the need to treat hair in a specific way. The next stage is to search for information about the shampoo necessary for your hair. After this, the consumer then has to do an alternative evaluation looking at other shampoos based on factors such as recommendations and price. The fourth stage of the purchasing process is the store the consumer chooses to buy the shampoo from and whether they purchase the shampoo online or in store. The final stage of the purchasing process is the post purchase activities such as whether the consumer is happy with the results of the shampoo on their hair. Evaluation Conclusion Through our extensive research we have come to conclude that the hair care industry, especially shampoo, is fast moving and innovative. We expected this due to it being an FMCG but not to the degree that we found. Any company in this market must constantly research and aim to improve its products as competition is high. Not only does this demand come from within the industry but also from the customers. They must produce various versions of their product to fit the consumers requirements which has resulted in such broad segmentation. We have seen this through gender, age and other circumstantial means, and considering how many different types of people there are in the world it is not hard to believe that there is a corresponding shampoo for each and every one of us. Appendix Who are the main competitors in this market sector? pg 44.9 unilever 17.7 loreal 11.4 kao brands compaNT- 10.7 own lable- 5.2 jhonson- 5.2 others 2.7 pz cussons 2.2 The main competitors are firstly PG, which contain the very well known brands Pantene prov, head and shoulders and wella Secondly Unilever who own the likes of vo5 tresemme and sunsilk And then Loreal

Woodrow Wilson and American Diplomacy Essay -- United States

Woodrow Wilson and American Diplomacy â€Å"Until early in [the twentieth] century, the isolationist tendency prevailed in American foreign policy. Then, two factors projected America into world affairs: its rapidly expanding power, and the gradual collapse of the international system centered on Europe† . President Woodrow Wilson was the leader who would initiate the ideologies of American diplomacy in the twentieth century. Up until his Presidency, American foreign policy was simply to fulfill the course of manifest destiny, and to remain free of entanglements overseas. Although he could not convince his fellow politicians on Capitol Hill of the probable success of his ideas, he did persuade the fellow writers of the Treaty of Versailles to use his Fourteen Points. America’s role as a political global superpower was established during his Presidency, as well as the modern policy that peace depends on the spread of democracy, and that national interest consists of adhering to a global system of law. The formation of modern American diplomacy can not only be attributed to Wilson, for the policies of Theodore Roosevelt are what initiated his diplomatic policies. Roosevelt convinced Congress to strengthen the Army and Navy, and began major involvement in European affairs. His foreign policy regarding the Caribbean followed the policy of the Monroe Doctrine, that to maintain order in the Caribbean, foreign nations could not be involved, however Roosevelt did not follow the Doctrine to the extent of forceful evacuation of the Americas, he did use diplomatic means. He prevented European warfare in Venezuela, by negotiating with the involved nations. He found that it was America’s duty, just as all other powerful nation’s duties, to police the world and maintain order. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine was issued, and it stated that America would be the police force of the Americas, and that European intervention was not necessary. This major step showe d that America had no goals in obtaining new territories in the Caribbean, and was a measure to protect the Panama region from upheaval. Wilson would follow Roosevelt’s ideologies but to an even greater extent as he created a modern Monroe Doctrine. There shall be no annexations. National aspirations must be respected; peoples may now be dominated, and†¦[may now] be governed only by the... ...t realize that it was he who shaped modern American diplomacy, it was he who shaped the twentieth century. Bibliography: 1. Canfield, Leon H. The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson: Prelude to a World in Crisis. Rutherford, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1966. 2. Hoover, Herbert. The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson. Washington D.C.: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1958. 3. Kissinger, Henry. Diplomacy. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994. 4. Link, Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson: A Brief Biography. NewYork: The World Publishing Company, 1963. 5. Link, Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson and the Progressice Era:1910-1917. New York: Harper and Row, 1954. 6. Link, Arthur S. American Epoch: A History of the U.S. Since the 1890’s. New York: Alfred A. Knoph Publishing, 1966. 7. Schoenherr, Steve ed. â€Å"The Versailles Treaty†, History Dept. at the University of San Diego. January 20, 2000 (last update). University of San Diego. January 20, 2000 (last visited). . 8. Tompkins, Vincent, ed. American Decades: 1910-1919. Detroit: Gale Research, 1996. 9.Uschan, Michael V. A Cultural History of the United States: Through the Decades,the 1910s. San Diego: Lucent Books, 1999.

The Role of Afro-Cubans in the Formation of Cuba Essays -- History Cub

The Role of Afro-Cubans in the Formation of Cuba Introduction In the formation of the Cuban nation, the role of Afro-Cubans is undeniably of great importance. The success and riches obtained by Cuba as a Spanish colony would have been unthinkable without the exploitation of African slave labor. Even before emancipation, there were key figures in the Cuban independence movement, such as Antonio Maceo, who were free men of Afro-Cuban origin. After emancipation in 1886, Afro-Cuban ex-slaves showed their enthusiasm for their future in Cuba by volunteering in large numbers to fight in the Liberation Army. Yet in the victory over the Spanish in 1898, Afro-Cubans were given little recognition for their overwhelming support, and were bypassed for positions of authority during the American occupation. The Americans generally appointed white Cuban exiles or Spanish soldiers over Afro-Cubans, destroying the hopes many had of finally receiving their "rightful share", in the words of historian Aline Helg. Helg’s book Our Rightful Share: The Afro-Cuba n Struggle for Equality, 1886-1912, discusses these repeated disappointments felt by Afro-Cubans. In 1902 Cubans were at last free to govern themselves, and a constitution was drafted declaring all men equal, and granting universal male suffrage. Yet whites still dominated the positions of power in Cuba, and justified themselves by adhering to a myth that racial equality had been established (Helg, 70). Dissatisfied with their lot, Afro-Cubans again participated in large numbers in a revolution, this time under the liberal Jose Miguel Gomez, who promised them improved representation in government positions. Following the disappointment surrounding the 1908 elections, Afro-Cubans began to d... ...top sacrificing everything for the good of Cuba. They had to love themselves and recognize their personal value; then they had to love their families, then, their race; and then, only after all this, their homeland" (241). The myth, or maybe ideal of racial equality and unity had been forgotten. The failure of Afro-Cubans to attain equality in Cuba was the result of a racist societal hierarchy dominated by a white upper class. The more Afro-Cubans pushed for reforms, the more whites resisted. Eventually, Afro-Cuban tactics became more radical, which led to the violent response to the Partido Independiente de Color. The ideal of fraternity between the races, held by the Cuban revolutionary heroes Maceo and Marti, was not able to survive. Resources Helg, Aline. Our Rightful Share: The Afro-Cuban Struggle for Equality, 1886-1912. UNC Press, Chapel Hill, 1995.