Definition of Community in Community Health Nursing

Definition of Community in Community Health Nursing Give a definition of what a community is it is not solely geography, but includes factors of culture, ethnicity, age, etc. Consider principles of community care and critically discuss how a PHN in Ireland could ensure that care provided in her particular community is both inclusive and comprehensive. Introduction A community may be defined in many different ways. Community care can also be defined differentially, maybe in relation to a fundamental philosophy, may in terms of imposed limitations and definitions of community delineation. Discussion One definition of;community’ is â€Å"A social group of any size whose members reside in a specific locality, share government, and often have a common cultural and historical heritage† (http://www.sustainablemeasures.com/Training/Indicators/Cmmunty.html). This notion of community identifies the key elements of community in relation to healthcare that concern healthcare service providers and policy makers. Communities can be defined in terms of their location, but it is not enough to delineate communities in terms of specific areas, because communities are not simply collections of people who are in close proximity with each other by happenstance (Webb, 1986). Communities occur because of features which bring people together, often because of need, such as family support, or because of common interest, such as healthcare support groups. However, not all groups which share a common interest are communities (Trevilion, 1993). Location and purpose seem to be aspects of com munity, sharing not only common interest but common activities and common purposes, common concerns and common needs (Sines et al, 2005). Culture, ethnicity, age, gender, sexuality, all of these can be characteristics which define a community, but they could also be different elements of identities and needs within a particular community. For example, it is possible to talk of traveller community health, traveller women’s health, gay men’s health, and the like, and thus we are referring to communities which may exist within geographical communities, or despite geographical boundaries (McMurray, 2003). Within the United Kingdom, issues surrounding community health and wellbeing have concerned healthcare providers, particularly in defining distinct communities or sectors of communities, in order to identify health needs and develop and mobilise services in order to meet those needs (Lewis, 1999). However, these needs and the communities focused on have been traditionally limited to government-defined communities or definitions of who belongs to what community (Lewis, 1999). More recently, the re-orientation of UK healthcare services towards a more patient-centred model has led to the upsurge of service user involvement in design, development and evaluation of services (Pickar et al, 2002; Simpson et al, 2006; Tait and Lester, 2005; Telford and Faulkner, 2004; Humphreys, 2005). This could be viewed as a means of breaking down the traditional hierarchical barriers between ‘the community’ or communities being served by healthcare providers, and the providers themselves (Telford and Faulkner, 2004). Addressing community needs can be informal, local, or national and formal, and seems to form part of governance strategies in the UK and Ireland (DoHC, 2001). Such strategies also now seem to focus not only on the service user information role, through gathering feedback and through service user involvement (Poulton, 1997), but also the need for greater collaboration, within and between healthcare and community/ social care/ voluntary sector agencies (Cumberledge, 1986; Fisher et al, 1999). These are all very good ideals, but in order to make user involvement and collaborative approaches work, information needs to be applied to practice, and practice needs to be changed for the better. This requires staff at some level to enforce these changes. It might be that the Public Health Nursing role within the Irish community healthcare context could be viewed as one of the loci for the enforcement of community-oriented healthcare provision. However, more information is needed on how this ‘enforcement’ of change could be achieved through this role. For example, collaborative care planning, needs assessment and care provision has existed for decades (see for example, Webb, 1986), but this kind of joined up working is still not a reality of practice, with failings in communication and challenges of interprofessional working still dogging the footsteps of primary healthcare providers (Poulton and West, 1999). If healthcare providers cannot work well with each other, they set a poor example for joined up working with community-focused or community-derived groups, as well as individuals who identify themselves as belonging to certain communities. Community services within the Irish context cover both health services –primary, secondary and tertiary – and social care services, all of which are supposed to meet the needs of the individual and the community. However, provision and suitability of services can vary by location. Because of the diverse nature of communities, it might be difficult to provide services which meet all community needs in any given location. This would suggest a need for flexibility of care provision, and again underlines the need for good inter-professional, inter-disciplinary, and inter-agency working. Public Health Nurses are accustomed to working with multiple professions and agencies, but there is a need to re-evaluate concepts of diversity in relation to the communities which occur within their sphere of practice. Conclusion Community is a term which encompasses many aspects of social life. Healthcare services which have a community focus would have to be very flexible, adaptable, and even creative, because of the increasingly diverse nature of communities. This diversity emerges not only from social changes, some of which are driven by economic, media and technological changes, but also by new understandings of communities and their inherent components, differences and similarities. Community focused models of service design and provision are those which would involve service users in design, planning, governance and evaluation of services, but such involvement must be representative of the increasing diversity of the communities concerned. Public health nurses are in a good position to access and support all sectors of the community within the Irish context, and to support service users to provide input into all levels of health and social care provision, even into healthcare professional education. However, understanding communities is an ongoing issue and services must be designed to reflect the true needs of each community. As such, they must be responsive rather than prescriptive. References Cumberlege, J. (1986) Collaboration. London: Centre for Advancement of Interprofessional Education Department of Health and Children (2001) Primary Care: a New Direction. Available from: http://www.dohc.ie/publications/pdf/primcare.pdf?direct=1 Accessed 10-11-08. Fisher, B., Neve, H. Zoe, H. (1999) â€Å"Community development, user involvement and primary health care: community development has much to offer primary care groups.† British Medical Journal 318 (7186) 749-750. Humphreys, C. (2005) Service user involvement in social work education: a case example. Social Work Education 24 (7) 797-803. Lewis, J. (1999) The concepts of community care and primary care in the UK: the 1960s to the 1990s Health and Social Care in the Community 7 (5) 333-341. McMurray, A. (2003) Community Health and Wellness A Sociological Approach. 2nd Ed. Elsevier, Australia Pickar, S., Marshall, M., Rogers, A. et al (2002) â€Å"User involvement in clinical governance.† Health Expectations 5 187-198. Poulton, B.C. (1997) Consumer feedback and determining satisfaction with services. IN: Mason, C. (ed) Achieving Quality in Community Health Care Nursing London: Macmillan Press. Poulton, B. and West, M. (1999) The Determinants of Effectiveness in Primary Health Care Teams. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 13:1 Simpson, E.L, Barkham, M, Gilbody, S. and House, A. (2006) Involving service users as researchers for the evaluation of adult statutory mental health services. The Cochrane Library 3 Sines, D., Appleby, F. and Frost, M. (2005) Community Health Care Nursing 3rd Ed. Bath: Blackwell Publishing. Tait, L. Lester, H. (2005) â€Å"Encouraging user involvement in mental health services.† Advances in Psychiatric Treatement 11 168-175. Telford, R. and Faulkner, A. (2004) Learning about service user involvement in mental health research. Journal of Mental Health 13 (6) 549-559. Trevillion, S. (1993) Care in the Community a Networking Approach to Community Partnership. London: Longman Van Teijlingen, E.R., Hundley, V., Rennie, A.M. et al (2003) Maternity satisfaction studies and their limitations, Birth 30 (2) 75-82. Webb, A. (1986) Collaboration in Planning a pre-requisite of Community Care. In Webb, A. and Sistow, G. Eds. Planning Needs and Scarcity. Essays on Personal Social Services. London: Allen and Unwin

economic systems in copan compared to other ancient cultures :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Economic Systems   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout history there has been a common theme of progression towards more complex societies. The advent of agriculture enabled population sizes to increase, and allowed permanent settlements to arise. As extensive cultivation of farmland progressed, a surplus of food was created that enabled some people within a society to be non-food producers. These people who no longer were required to farm in order to survive were able to develop marketable goods that they could exchange for food. This transition towards interdependence, (craftsmen depending on exchanging their goods for food), brought with it an opportunity for the government within each society to exact some tribute for monitoring the economy, and making sure that exchanges went smoothly. This led to societies with a well-defined hierarchy and slowly led to the abolition of the egalitarian societies where everyone engages in the same means of production. Within these aforementioned egalitarian societies t here is some occupational specialization, but it is based on the skill of the craftsmen, and no one is a full time specialist. The differences in the economies of Copan, Teotihuacan, and ancient Rome, can illustrate why and how economies increase in complexity, and what criteria are necessary for large-scale economic specialization. More specifically, what factors limited Copan and Teotihuacan, preventing them from attaining the population size, and economic complexity of ancient Rome. Teotihuacan was a huge metropolis in what is now southern Mexico. It became a large city before 100CE and reached the height of its size from about 600-650CE. At its height it was home to roughly 125,000 inhabitants. There is a permanent springs nearby the ancient city, and satellite photos have indicated the presence of a possible irrigation system with canals used to water farm sites. Although the age of the irrigation canals has yet to be established it seems to be highly probable that this canal system was created concurrently with the development of the city. This conclusion is also supported by a lack of rural population, which would have been necessary to provide food for such a large population if there wasn’t agriculture within the city. Because the food was not brought in from a great distance, the travel expenditure to get the food to the population would have been low. This allowed there to be a dense population concentration within the urban area. The expense of m oving goods in the new world seems to have been a factor that limited the size of cities.

Commedia All’ Italiana

Commanded Alternating Films that are made In Italy are well-known worldwide, especially the Italian-style comedy, which has won a lot academic awards and earned enormous applause and praises. However, there are something behind the laughter tries to tell the audience within the Italian-style comedy. Comedic Alliteration thrives for its uses of innovative and bold subjects and contents, and a profound and twisted ending; besides, humor in Italy are manipulated as a tool to expose social issues of different fields while reflecting poverty and misery.Comedic Lithuanian starts from a street performance, and it works its way toward the stage of world. The origin of Italian-style comedy can be traced back to the birth of Comedic delegate in 1 1 century, which becomes influential to the development of comedy In 15 century (Turner). Soon, Comedic delegate spreads to Europe for Its uses of music, dance, humorous dialogue In stage performance and even slapstick and lay foundation for the Comed ic Alternating. After World War II, the enactment of the Marshall Plan directly affects the prosperity of Italian-style modem.According to Turner in her article, â€Å"Comedic Lithuanian: Comedy, Italian- Style†, the growth of the economy significantly improves people's living conditions and stimulate the development of art, and she exposes that the most prosperous and memorable period of Italian film industry is around the late 1 sass and sass (Turner). The booming and success of Italian film industry introduce the unique perspectives of art of Italy as a name card to the world, and they start to attract the attention and popularity from the worldwide audience. The success of the ComedicLatitudinal Is that films are boldly using the sensitive subjects and contents from the society Instead of acting Like a clown only. There are lots of things a film Is trying to tell the audience through every scene and laughter. Comedic Allotments Is famous for its ending, which is always tw isted into a kind of imperfect ending. From a famous comedy film called Eel not did Siberia (The Nights of Siberia) tells a dramatic story of a young prostitute named Siberia who pursues her true love through several stories, but unfortunately, all the endings of those stories are tragic.A woman, who lives in the bottom of society and has a not respected Job, devotes everything she has into a way of seeking true love as traditionally as a common woman does in reality should deserve what she wants in return. But, the ending is not like what it is wished to be so; instead, the ending Is sad, but it also happens in reality. Comedic Lithuanian is trying to remind people that there will not always have a happy ending even though one has tried his or her best; and there will be something negative potentially happens In reality. A director named Francesca Commencing says, â€Å"There Is no happy ending, only lots of loose ends.Italy has lost, but doesn't know It†¦ That's why a film l ike this is necessary, so people can become aware† (Evolved). Things always change people in Italy there is no such thing which is destined; to be aware, it is not yet a dream world. Besides telling the truth of reality, the Comedic Lithuanian is used to mock the social issues. â€Å"The Italian-style comedy was able to talk about social problems and still be popular,† said Peter Bandoleer, â€Å"It was a way of having a illegal about what was going on in Italy, of addressing questions that were not being discussed in the government† (Grimes).An Italian-style comedy called â€Å"Divorcee: Italian-style† tells that a Sicilian gentleman wants to murder his wife because he wants to marry his younger and prettier cousin. The reason that he has such an evil purpose is that divorce was against the Italian laws at the time because of the strict religion's requirements in Italy. Therefore, this gentleman chooses to have an honor killing because â€Å"honor was so important in society, the legal enmeshment for this special kind of murder was oh-so lenient† (Turner). It is so ironic that a person takes such a method to get divorced.This film successfully attracts the public attention, not only for it is an Italian-style comedy but also for it makes the government and the public to reconsider the restorability of the legislation of outlaw divorce. The issues which always make no sense and bother and perplex people are subject to be talked about in Comedic Lithuanian and it is easy to be accepted by government. Comedic Lithuanian is considered a special communication between society and government, which people are reflecting what is happening in their lives to government.Because of the Comedic Lithuanian, a scene of Joking something tragic becomes a part of the Italian culture. Mr.. McNeill, known as the king of Italian comedy, defined Italian humor as something â€Å"lack of a happy ending, seemingly antithetical to comedy,† and he comments that themes make Italians laugh â€Å"stem from poverty, hunger, misery, old age, sickness, and death† (Grimes). It may be considered strange if a person laughs at something sad in some other countries, but the whole Italy is mocking itself with distress. â€Å"The goal is to consider the reality around you, from the point of view of the humorist.I think you need to look deeper to make people laugh at things that aren't ridiculous or funny,† said Mr.. McNeill (Torah). Italians look at misery of life from a different view but a humorous view, and thus, it is considered as a complaint to the society and life. Comedic Lithuanian is to only something makes ones laugh but also something makes ones think, such as a famous film named â€Å"Life is beautiful†, directed by Roberto Benign, which describes how a Jewish man create a wonderful family and protect his son in a Nazi concentration camp with uses of his humor.Mr.. McNeill admits that â€Å"you can ma ke people laugh at the most horrible of things. It's hard, but it's more profound† (Torah). Life is always full of things that are too sensitive to be mentioned, but through humor, they can be talked about directly in public, and even worldwide. Italians know here is something seriously horrible happening in reality, and they are able to criticize those issues by Comedic Lithuanian and Italian-style humor; this unique comprehension of misery of life gradually becomes a part of Italian culture.

Chinas One Child Policy Essay - 886 Words

According to the U.S. Census Bureau the world’s population consists, of more than 7 billion people. China resides as the world’s leading populated country with more than 1.3 billion people. Because, of this over population it maintained fears of their food, resources, and living spaces (International Data Base). The Chinese government then implemented the one-child policy to slow their growing population. The one-child policy has prevailed effectively in slowing down the population growth, but it has caused great anguish among Chinese families. Matt Rosenberg explains how one of the problems facing China in recent years is overpopulation. The Chinese government needed to make a policy to cope with the growing numbers of Chinese citizens.†¦show more content†¦Their taxes become raised and they no longer receive free health care. The parents who do not pay their fines Family Planning would confiscate their pigs, cattle, ransack their homes and even seize their children (Hays). â€Å"We were always terrified of them,† one villager told the Los Angeles Times. If I lived in china I would be terrified of the Family Planning officers. Parents who abide with the one-child Policy receive money from the government and also free healthcare. To be eligible to have a child couples must have a marriage certificates and have their residency permits in order. Women must be at least twenty and men twenty-four years old (Hays). Women sometimes are forced to have abortions or inhumane acts are being forced upon them. Approxima tely, 500 women in china a day commit suicide, which is three times higher than the rate among men. It subsists the highest rate of suicide of woman in the world (One-Child Policy). The one-child policy has caused females to abort, neglect, abandonment, and even infanticide (Impact of One Child Policy of China). Often times abandoned children, and women, who became pregnant were being forced to go into hiding so that the family planning officers wouldn’t find them (Impact of One Child Policy of China). Chinas one-child policies are also forcing many parents to put their daughters up for adoption. The reason because parents want a son toShow MoreRelatedChina‘S One Child Policy648 Words   |  3 PagesSophy Huang DSOC Essay 5 Revision 9 April 2012 It’s time to change a manufacturing model In the last two decades, China’s economy has grown rapidly, becoming the world’s second largest economy after the U.S. China has gained this achievement by becoming the factory of the world and exporting cheap products to oversea markets. However, recently China has been losing its advantages in the export sector, which its economy is heavily reliant on. New data shows a visible slowdown in manufacturingRead MoreChina’s One Child Policy1305 Words   |  5 PagesChina’s One Child Policy There are more than 1.3 billion people living and building families in China. Until a century ago, many Chinese families included multiple generations living in the same household. Today, though, its no longer the norm. A typical Chinese family today includes a married man and woman with one child, and this is generally known as the core family. The percentage of core families continues to rise above other types of family units. This not due to a social coincidenceRead MoreChinas One Child Policy954 Words   |  4 Pagespopulation containment by way of a ‘ One-Child Police’, to alleviate its social and economic problems (Jiang, 2010). The population had been well-controlled during the past 30 years and according to the National Bureau of Statistics, the policy has helped prevent 400 million births and contributed greatly to economic growth (Government net, 2011). However, the one- child policy is like a double edged sword. Although there are positive outcomes, Fro m the policy, there are also many negative issuesRead MoreChinas One Child Policy971 Words   |  4 PagesChinas one child policy China has had a one child policy since 1980. The one child policy limits the fertility rate that each woman can have only one child in efforts to cut down the population, and undo what Mao Zedong did to early China. Mao’s goal was to make China the next superpower nation by encouraging people to have many children. Unfortunately, Mao did not know that he was moving China backwards with this kind of thinking. In 1949 after a long civil war over who controlled China, MaoRead MoreChinas One-Child Policy3129 Words   |  13 PagesChina who has one of the largest population in the world with over 1.3 billion people, has taken a stance against over population. By introducing China’s One-Child Policy (Family Planning Policy) in 1979, China hopes to decrease its country’s annual population growth. China has implemented the policy by many different ways; propaganda, taxation, and multiple forms of birth control. Though China’s intentions are to give its citizens better living conditions by enforcing its policy, many controversialRead MoreChinas One Child Policy4037 Words   |  17 PagesChina’s One Child Policy; Impacts on the Society, the Economy, and the People. By David Goheen Due: December 14, 2007 Executive Summary During the years before the implementation of the One Child Policy, the leaders of China were involved in wars, a great leap forward, and an industrial revolution. In the last twenty five years China’s One Child Policy has affected the country in every way one can imagine. This paper will attempt to explore the major ways the policy has affected theRead MoreChinas One Child Policy Essay1134 Words   |  5 PagesGovernment Action on Population Control and Chinas One Child Policy One of the more extreme measures taken in an attempt to control population has been Chinas one-child policy. Population advocate Garet Hardin suggests the rest of the world adopt similar policies. This paper is to show a countrys government acting on theories that Hardin is popular for and the ethical and environmental effects that it had on people and the land. Hardin fails to see the ethical problems laid out by governmentsRead MoreEssay On Chinas One Child Policy766 Words   |  4 PagesA Policy for the Better China, in the late 1970s, had an unbelievable population; close to one billion. With such an alarming number of people and limited resources, even in such a large nation, there had to be an even larger change. China’s one-child policy was a remedy to this problem, and helped Chinese citizens in many ways. Without the policy, China would have many economic problems and serves all of China with its rules. China’s one-child policy was an excellent idea for China and its peopleRead MoreEssay On Chinas One Child Policy1195 Words   |  5 PagesChina’s one-child policy made it illegal for most Chinese couples to have more than one child. It was the culmination of the government’s long struggle to control population growth. The policy was enforced mainly through financial incentives and punishments, but in rural areas brutal enforcement techniques like non-consensual sterilization and abortion were sometimes used. While the policy did reduce the population, it also caused problems such as an unbalanced male-female sex ratio and â€Å"4:2:1 familiesRead MoreChinas One Child Policy Essay1616 Words   |  7 Pagescontribute significantly to the nations poverty levels and restrain its potential for economic growth. (Gu 42) Chinas one-child family policy was first announced in 1979. In a 1979 speech, Deng Xiaoping drew the first outlines of a policy to limit population growth, Use whatever means you must to control Chinas population. Just do it. (Mosher 50) Basically the aim of Chinas one-child family policy was to help slow population growth to 1.2 billion by the year 2000. It was hoped that third and higher